The Weird Tale: Arthur Machen, Lord Dunsany, Algernon Blackwood, M. R. James, Ambrose Bierce, H. P. Lovecraft
S. T. Joshi
University of Texas Press, Austin
1990
Ovo je jedna od nekoliko najznačajnijih studija klasičnih horor pisaca, i od neprocenjivog je značaja za svakog ko želi da makar otpočne razumevanje ove vrste književnosti (isto važi i za II tom, The Modern Weird Tale, koji se bavi piscima koji su stvarali posle II sv. rata). Pored standardno pronicljivih sudova o Lavkraftu vredna je i zato što njegovo delo stavlja u kontekst evolucije horora, kroz analizu nazora i postupaka u delima navedenih klasičnih autora žanra.
A evo i odlomka iz mog doktorata o poetici horora – koji će, btw, zbog određenih procedura vezanih za to, svoju naživo odbranu ipak imati sredinom decembra ove godine. Ovde se osvrćem upravo na ove dve Džošijeve fundamentalne studije.
...Naročito značajan doprinos razumevanju retko analiziranih aspekata (i autora) priče strave donose dve knjige S. T. Džošija, Neobična priča i Moderna neobična priča. (S. T. Joshi, The Weird Tale, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1990; The Modern Weird Tale, McFarland, Jefferson, 2001.) One su naročito vredne iz sledećih razloga: za razliku od većine drugih studija o hororu, one potpuno preskaču pripremni, pionirski, i estetski slabo vredan period klasičnog gotika i, priznajući dug Edgaru Alanu Pou kao utemeljitelju moderne horor priče, posvećene su pomnoj analizi opusa onih autora u kojima je horor priča zaista sazrela u umetničkom i žanrovskom smislu. Ova dva toma obrađuju period između 1880. i 2000. godine, i autore koje druge studije ili u potpunosti ignorišu, ili im (kao npr. Panter) posvećuju suženu, neadekvatnu pažnju i donekle iskrivljeno čitanje. Ti autori su, u prvom tomu, Artur Maken (Arthur Machen), Lord Danseni (Lord Dunsany), Aldžernon Blekvud (Algernon Blackwood), M. R. Džejms (Montague R. James), Embrouz Birs (Ambrose Bierce) i H. F. Lavkraft, a odabrani su ne samo po značaju za žanr uopšte, nego po tome što je horor u njihovim delima, po Džošiju, manje žanr, a više izraz određenog svetonazora. "Ako neobična priča danas postoji kao žanr, to može biti samo zato što su kritičari i izdavači našli za shodno da je načine." (S. T. Joshi, The Weird Tale, ibid, p. 1.)
"Svetonazor" je unekoliko neodređen koncept, ali Džoši uspeva da ubedljivo opravda svoj odmak od akademskih definicija. Kroz spoj biografske metode, motivske analize i pomnog čitanja (eng. close reading) on ukazuje na bogate idejne potencijale horora koji značajno prevazilaze uobičajena svođenja čitavog žanra na ilustrovanje rodnih i polnih podela, klasnih borbi ili sukoba Ega i Ida. Džoši naročito preispituje metafizičke aspekte u delima odabranih pisaca, pokazujući poznije faze evolucije koncepta koji je Berk svojevremeno nazvao "sublimnim", a čija povezanost sa hororom znatno ubedljivije dolazi do izražaja u delima ovde obrađenih autora nego li u naivnim romanima En Redklif. "Neobična priča nudi unikatne prilike za filozofsku spekulaciju – može se reći da je ona inherentno filozofski modus po tome što nas često primorava da se direktno suočimo sa tako fundamentalnim pitanjima kao što su priroda univerzuma i naše mesto u njemu." (S. T. Joshi, ibid, p. 11.)
Drugi tom ove studije obrađuje moderne autore, ali sa istim predznakom ozbiljne i posvećene, promišljene upotrebe horor motiva. Džoši posebno naglašava da retorika strave u delima tih autora prevazilazi intenciju pukog zastrašivanja čitalaca, budući da oni svoju stravu idejno i filozofski motivišu:
Ako neobična proza treba da bude legitimni književni modus, ona mora da dodiruje dubine ljudske značajnosti na način na koji to drugi književni modusi ne čine; a njen glavni način na koji to čini jeste primena natprirodnog kao metafore za različite koncepcije koje se tiču univerzuma i ljudskog života. Otud potreba za svetonazorom koji strukturiše i definiše upotrebu neobičnog u književnosti. Puko zastrašivanje po sebi nema književne vrednosti, ma koliko vešto izvedeno. (S. T. Joshi, The Modern Weird Tale, McFarland, Jefferson, 2001, p. 2.)
Džošijev koncept "neobične", odnosno priče strave, nesumnjivo predstavlja razradu i modernizaciju poetike H. F. Lavkrafta. Kao takav, on je pretežno skrajnut u aktuelno preovlađujućem diskursu izučavanja horora, u kome pomodne sociološke teme (problematika seksualnih, rasnih, etničkih i drugih manjina) nose prevagu nad metafizičkim zapitanostima koje, ipak, istorijski posmatrano, prate horor od samih začetaka u gotiku, i večito su aktuelne budući na suštastven način povezane sa ljudskim stanjem. Džošijeve (i Lavkraftove) teze značajne su jer ističu univerzalne (idejne, filozofske i estetske) nad efemernim (društveno-angažovanim) aspektima književnosti strave. Jedino sa takvim pristupom ovoj vrsti književnosti omogućava se njen legitimitet i dostojanstvo kao ravnopravne i vredne estetske činjenice, umesto da bude korišćena kao ilustrativno sredstvo za van-literarne, van-estetske namene i ciljeve...
Džošija sam upoznao 2004. u San Francisku i popričao s njim par sati, o čemu svedoči i gornja posveta, ali o tome sam valjda pisao u svojim izveštajima tagovanim ovde na blogu kao USA AVANTURA, pa o tome čitajte detaljnije tamo.
Inače, u okviru akcije "Ghoul international", moj tekst na engleskom, o knjizi The Weird Tale, možete naći u najnovijem, novembarskom broju horor magazina RUE MORGUE #117, u rubrici CLASSIC CUT, koja se bavi ključnim, fundamentalnim delima horora (priče, romani, pesme, albumi, slike, stripovi, kritička dela i sl.). A ako vam moj tekst o ovoj must-have knjizi pa još u ovom ionako izvanrednom magazinu nije dovoljan, evo dodatnih razloga da pohitate do najbliže civilizovane trafike ili knjižare u svojoj blizini (if any) i da tamo čitate sledeće:
RUE MORGUE 117
OVERTURE OF FEAR
The story behind 1925’s The Phantom of the Opera is as ugly and elusive as the character himself. The man behind the film’s latest incarnation delves into its legacy.
PLUS: Carla Laemmle, the last surviving cast member of the original Phantom, recalls the making of a masterpiece, and composer Gabriel Thibaudeau looks back on more than twenty years of performing his acclaimed live score.
by James Burrell and Trevor Tuminski
THE GOLDEN AGE OF TV TERROR
Rue Morgue tunes into an era when high-quality, original horror movies were a staple of prime-time television.
PLUS: Ten unlikely shows that have flirted with the dark side.
by Kier-la Janisse and Dan Murphy
DIRTY DOZEN
We link up with the director and star of The Human Centipede 2 to discuss raising the stakes on the disturbing pop culture phenomenon.
by Stuart F. Andrews
ARCHITECTURE OF THE DEAD
Empire of Death invites readers to visit the bone churches of the world and learn their secrets.
by Claire Horsnell
ABOMINABLE AFTER ALL THESE YEARS
After four decades, Dr. Phibes returns in a new novel by his creator, William Goldstein.
by James Burrell
DEPARTMENTS:
NOTE FROM UNDERGROUND
Faces, phantoms and freak shows.
DREADLINES
Canadian horror producer John Dunning dead at 84; Scream queen Barbara Crampton returns; The Exorcist adapted for stage.
THE CORONER'S REPORT
Weird stats and morbid facts. Sick Top Six: Rat Attacks.
NEEDFUL THINGS
Friday the 13th DVD Collection, Skeletal Aprons, Batmosphere Necklace, and Skeleton Espresso Cups.
MEMENTO MORGUE
Guillermo del Toro at CineMacabre, KillerCon 3, Encyclopedia Gothica book launch, and more!
CINEMACABRE
CineMacabre features 2011 Toronto International Film Festival wrap-up, plus reviews of Red State, Contagion, Apollo 18, Super Hybrid, The Clinic, 51, Deadgirl. Higanjima: Escape from Vampire Island, Truth or Dare: A Critical Madness, Sportkill, and Hidden. Reissues features makeup effects artist Mark Shostrom on Evil Dead II. Also, reviews of Halloween II (1981), Blue Sunshine (1978), The Pyx (1973), The Exterminator (1980), The Devil Within Her (1975), Dressed to Kill (1980) and The Face of the Screaming Werewolf (1964).
CINEMARQUEE
Kuroneko (1932).
BOWEN'S BASEMENT
Orca (1977).
BLOOD IN FOUR COLOURS
Features Severed, plus reviews of Battle for the Planet of the Living Dead #1, Kult #1 of 4, B.P.R.D. Hell on Earth Russia #1 of 5, John Saul’s The Blackstone Chronicles, The Living Corpse: Exhumed #1
THE NINTH CIRCLE
Spotlight: Weird fiction publisher Chômu Press. Library of the Damned has the True Blood blues. Plus, reviews of Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the Haunting, How to Draw Chiller Monsters, Werewolves, Vampires, and Zombies, Robert Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga’s The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor, Ronald Malfi’s Floating Staircase, John Hornor Jacob’s Southern Gods, Death Casket: Art of Unkle Pigors, The Ghost Handbook: An Essential Guide to Ghosts, Spirits, and Spectres, and Kenneth Hite’s Cliffourd the Big Red God.
TRAVELOGUE OF TERROR
Fiesta de las Ñatitas – La Paz, Bolivia.
THE GORE-MET
A hankering for Henenlotter.
AUDIO DROME
Featuring the return of Anthrax. The Blood Spattered Guide on Sopor Aeternus. Plus, reviews of Super 8 OST, Final Destination 5 OST, Koffin Kats/12 Step Rebels, The Phantom Creeps, Fantômas, Zombie Inc., Mr. Death, The House of Capricorn, and Blood Red Throne.
PLAY DEAD
Reviews Dead Island, The Binding of Isaac, Bloodrayne: Betrayal, Cthulhu Gloom: The Game of Unspeakable Incidents and Squamous Consequences, and Zombie Smarts: Clear Your Mind.
CLASSIC CUT
S.T. Joshi’s The Weird Tale (1990).
The story behind 1925’s The Phantom of the Opera is as ugly and elusive as the character himself. The man behind the film’s latest incarnation delves into its legacy.
PLUS: Carla Laemmle, the last surviving cast member of the original Phantom, recalls the making of a masterpiece, and composer Gabriel Thibaudeau looks back on more than twenty years of performing his acclaimed live score.
by James Burrell and Trevor Tuminski
THE GOLDEN AGE OF TV TERROR
Rue Morgue tunes into an era when high-quality, original horror movies were a staple of prime-time television.
PLUS: Ten unlikely shows that have flirted with the dark side.
by Kier-la Janisse and Dan Murphy
DIRTY DOZEN
We link up with the director and star of The Human Centipede 2 to discuss raising the stakes on the disturbing pop culture phenomenon.
by Stuart F. Andrews
ARCHITECTURE OF THE DEAD
Empire of Death invites readers to visit the bone churches of the world and learn their secrets.
by Claire Horsnell
ABOMINABLE AFTER ALL THESE YEARS
After four decades, Dr. Phibes returns in a new novel by his creator, William Goldstein.
by James Burrell
DEPARTMENTS:
NOTE FROM UNDERGROUND
Faces, phantoms and freak shows.
DREADLINES
Canadian horror producer John Dunning dead at 84; Scream queen Barbara Crampton returns; The Exorcist adapted for stage.
THE CORONER'S REPORT
Weird stats and morbid facts. Sick Top Six: Rat Attacks.
NEEDFUL THINGS
Friday the 13th DVD Collection, Skeletal Aprons, Batmosphere Necklace, and Skeleton Espresso Cups.
MEMENTO MORGUE
Guillermo del Toro at CineMacabre, KillerCon 3, Encyclopedia Gothica book launch, and more!
CINEMACABRE
CineMacabre features 2011 Toronto International Film Festival wrap-up, plus reviews of Red State, Contagion, Apollo 18, Super Hybrid, The Clinic, 51, Deadgirl. Higanjima: Escape from Vampire Island, Truth or Dare: A Critical Madness, Sportkill, and Hidden. Reissues features makeup effects artist Mark Shostrom on Evil Dead II. Also, reviews of Halloween II (1981), Blue Sunshine (1978), The Pyx (1973), The Exterminator (1980), The Devil Within Her (1975), Dressed to Kill (1980) and The Face of the Screaming Werewolf (1964).
CINEMARQUEE
Kuroneko (1932).
BOWEN'S BASEMENT
Orca (1977).
BLOOD IN FOUR COLOURS
Features Severed, plus reviews of Battle for the Planet of the Living Dead #1, Kult #1 of 4, B.P.R.D. Hell on Earth Russia #1 of 5, John Saul’s The Blackstone Chronicles, The Living Corpse: Exhumed #1
THE NINTH CIRCLE
Spotlight: Weird fiction publisher Chômu Press. Library of the Damned has the True Blood blues. Plus, reviews of Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the Haunting, How to Draw Chiller Monsters, Werewolves, Vampires, and Zombies, Robert Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga’s The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor, Ronald Malfi’s Floating Staircase, John Hornor Jacob’s Southern Gods, Death Casket: Art of Unkle Pigors, The Ghost Handbook: An Essential Guide to Ghosts, Spirits, and Spectres, and Kenneth Hite’s Cliffourd the Big Red God.
TRAVELOGUE OF TERROR
Fiesta de las Ñatitas – La Paz, Bolivia.
THE GORE-MET
A hankering for Henenlotter.
AUDIO DROME
Featuring the return of Anthrax. The Blood Spattered Guide on Sopor Aeternus. Plus, reviews of Super 8 OST, Final Destination 5 OST, Koffin Kats/12 Step Rebels, The Phantom Creeps, Fantômas, Zombie Inc., Mr. Death, The House of Capricorn, and Blood Red Throne.
PLAY DEAD
Reviews Dead Island, The Binding of Isaac, Bloodrayne: Betrayal, Cthulhu Gloom: The Game of Unspeakable Incidents and Squamous Consequences, and Zombie Smarts: Clear Your Mind.
CLASSIC CUT
S.T. Joshi’s The Weird Tale (1990).
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